Publications
A selection of papers published in 2003 related to Left-handed materials from other researchers.Below are the titles and abstracts from papers on Left-handed materials from other authors published in 2003. The papers are listed chronologically, from the earliest. This list is only meant to be representative, not comprehensive!
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- Subwavelength
imaging in photonic crystals
C. Y. Luo, S. G. Johnson, J. D. Joannopoulos and J. B. Pendry
Phys. Rev. B, 68, 045115 (2003)
[Abstract] - Numerical study
of wave propagation in uniaxially anisotropic Lorenzian backward-wave
slabs
M. K. Karkkainen
Phys. Rev. E, 68, 026602 Part 2 (2003)
[Abstract] - Existence and
design of trans-vacuum-speed metamaterials
R. W. Ziolkowski and A. D. Kipple
Phys. Rev. E, 68, 026612 Part 2 (2003)
[Abstract] - Is Foster's
reactance theorem satisfied in double-negative and single-negative media?
N. Engheta
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 39, 11 (2003)
[Abstract] - Bragg reflectors
containing left-handed materials
R. Ruppin
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 38, 494 (2003)
[Abstract] - Numerical investigation
of negative refractive index metamaterials at infrared and optical frequencies
N. C. Panoiu and R. M. Osgood
Optics Communications, 223, 331 (2003)
[Abstract] - Causality and
double-negative metamaterials
R. W. Ziolkowski and A. D. Kipple
Phys. Rev. E, 68, 026615 Part 2 (2003)
[Abstract] - Nonlinear properties
of left-handed metamaterials
A. A. Zharov, I. V. Shadrivov and Y. S. Kivshar
Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 037401 (2003)
[Abstract] - Band structure
for a one-dimensional photonic crystal containing left-handed materials
L. Wu, S. L. He, L. F. Shen
Phys. Rev. B, 67, 235103 (2003)
[Abstract] - Influence of
the dispersive properties of metals on the transmission characteristics
of left-handed media
N. C. Panoiu and R. M. Osgood
Phys. Rev. E, 68, 016611 (2003)
[Abstract] - Imaging the
near field
S. A. Ramakrishna, J. B. Pendry, M. C. K. Wiltshire and W. J. Stewart
J. Mod. Opt., 50, 1419 (2003)
[Abstract] - Imaging properties
of uniaxially anisotropic negative refractive index materials
L. B. Hu and Z. F. Lin
Phys. Lett. A, 313, 316 (2003)
[Abstract] - Structures with
negative index of refraction
P. Markos and C. M. Soukoulis
Physica Status Solidi A, 197, 595 (2003)
[Abstract] - Guided modes
in negative-refractive-index waveguides
I. V. Shadrivov, A. A. Sukhorukov and Y. S. Kivshar
Phys. Rev. E, 67, 057602 (2003)
[Abstract] - Removal of absorption
and increase in resolution in a near-field lens via optical gain
S. A. Ramakrishna and J. B. Pendry
Phys. Rev. B, 67, 201101 (2003)
[Abstract] - On unusual narrow
transmission bands for a multi-layered periodic structure containing
left-handed materials
L. Wu, S. L. He and H. Chen
Optics Express, 11, 1283 (2003)
[Abstract] - Guided modes
with imaginary, transverse wave number in a slab waveguide with negative
permittivity and permeability
B. I. Wu, T. M. Grzegorczyk, Y. Zhang, J. A. Kong
J. Appl. Phys., 93, 9386 (2003)
[Abstract] - Beam shaping
by a periodic structure with negative refraction
I. V. Shadrivov, A. A. Sukhorukov and Y. S. Kivshar
Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 3820 (2003)
[Abstract] - Frequency range
and explicit expressions for negative permittivity and permeability
for an isotropic medium formed by a lattice of perfectly conducting
Omega particles
C. R. Simovski and S. L. He
Phys. Lett. A, 311, 254 (2003)
[Abstract] - Experimental
observations of a left-handed material that obeys Snell's law
A. A. Houck, J. B. Brock and I. L. Chuang
Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 137401 (2003)
[Abstract] - Strong spatial
dispersion in wire media in the very large wavelength limit
P. A. Belov, R. Marques, S. I. Maslovski, I. S. Nefedov, M. Silveirinha, C. R. Simovski and S. A. Tretyakov
Phys. Rev. B, 67, 113103 (2003)
[Abstract] - Transmission
properties and effective electromagnetic parameters of double negative
metamaterials
P. Markos and C. M. Soukoulis
Optics Express, 11, 649 (2003)
[Abstract] - Pulsed and CW
Gaussian beam interactions with double negative metamaterial slabs
R. W. Ziolkowski
Optics Express, 11, 662 (2003)
[Abstract] - Regenerating
evanescent waves from a silver superlens
N. Fang, Z. W. Liu, T. J. Yen and X. Zhang
Optics Express, 11, 682 (2003)
[Abstract] - Experimental
determination and numerical simulation of the properties of negative
index of refraction materials
R. B. Greegor, C. G. Parazzoli, K. Li, B. E. C. Koltenbah and M. Tanielian
Optics Express, 11, 688 (2003)
[Abstract] - Experimental
and theoretical verification of focusing in a large, periodically loaded
transmission line negative refractive index metamaterial
A. K. Iyer, P. C. Kremer and G. V. Elefheriades
Optics Express, 11, 696 (2003)
[Abstract] - Cerenkov radiation
in materials with negative permittivity and permeability
J. Lu, T. M. Grzegorczyk, Y. Zhang, J. Pacheco, B. I. Wu, J. A. Kong and M. Chen
Optics Express, 11, 723 (2003)
[Abstract] - Plasmon modes
and negative refraction in metal nanowire composites
V. A. Podolskiy, A. K. Sarychev and V. M. Shalaev
Optics Express, 11, 735 (2003)
[Abstract] - Negative refraction
without negative index in metallic photonic crystals
C. Y. Luo, S. G. Johnson, J. D. Joannopoulos and J. B. Pendry
Optics Express, 11, 746 (2003)
[Abstract] - Origin of dissipative
losses in negative index of refraction materials
R. B. Greegor, C. G. Parazzoli, K. Li and M. H. Tanielian
Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 2356 (2003)
[Abstract] - Studies of imaging
characteristics for a slab of a lossy left-handed material
L. F. Shen and S. L. He
Phys. Lett. A, 309, 298 (2003)
[Abstract] - Characteristics
of bound modes in coupled dielectric waveguides containing negative
index media
K. Halterman, J. M. Elson and P. L. Overfelt
Optics Express, 11, 521 (2003)
[Abstract] - Electromagnetic
waves focused by a negative-index planar lens
P. F. Loschialpo, D. L. Smith, D. W. Forester, F. J. Rachford and J. Schelleng
Phys. Rev. E, 67, 025602 (2003)
[Abstract] - Transmission
line models for negative refractive index media and associated implementations
without excess resonators
G. V. Eleftheriades, O. Siddiqui and A. K. Iyer
IEEE Micr. Wireless Comp. Lett., 13, 51 (2003)
[Abstract] - Enhancing photon
tunnelling by a slab of uniaxially anisotropic left-handed material
Z. Liu, L. B. Hu and Z. F. Lin
Phys. Lett. A, 308, 294 (2003)
[Abstract] - Dispersion analysis
of a micro-strip-based negative refractive index periodic structure
A. Grbic and G. V. Eleftheriades
IEEE Micr. Wireless Components Letts., 13, 155 (2003)
[Abstract] - Abnormal wave
propagation in passive media
M. Mohahedi, K. J. Malloy, G. V. Eleftheriades, J. Woodley and R. Y. Chiao
IEEE J. of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 9, 30 (2003)
[Abstract] - Numerical study
of a Gaussian beam propagating in media with negative permittivity and
permeability by using a bidirectional beam propagation method
J. Lu and S. He
Micr. Opt. Tech. Lett., 37, 292 (2003)
[Abstract] - Backward waves
and negative refraction in uniaxial dielectrics with negative dielectric
permittivity along the anisotropy axis
P. A. Belov
Micr. Opt. Tech. Lett., 37, 259 (2003)
[Abstract] - Absorption losses
in periodic arrays of thin metallic wires
P. Markos and C. Soukoulis
Optics Letters., 28, 846 (2003)
[Abstract] - Experimental
verification and simulation of negative index of refraction using Snell's
law
C. G. Parazzoli, R. B. Greegor, K. Li, B. E. C. Koltenbah, M. Tanielian
Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 107401 (2003)
[Abstract] - Refraction in
media with a negative refractive index
S. Foteinopoulou, E. N. Economou, C. M. Soukoulis
Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 107402 (2003)
[Abstract] - Imaging properties
of a metamaterial superlens
N. Fang and X. Zhang
Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 161 (2003)
[Abstract] - Universal features
of the time evolution of evanescent modes in a left-handed perfect lens
G. Gomez-Santos
Phys. Rev. Lett, 90, 077401 (2003)
[Abstract] - Photonic band
gap from a stack of positive and negative index materials
J. Li, L. Zhou, C. T. Chan and P. Sheng
Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 083901 (2003)
[Abstract] - Cerenkov radiation
in photonic crystals
C. Luo, M. Ibanescu, S. G. Johnson, and J. D. Joannopoulos
Science, 299, 368 (2003)
[Abstract] - Intensity distribution
inside scatterers with negative-real permittivity and permeability
R. Ruppin
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 36, 150 (2003)
[Abstract] - Photonic approach
to making a material with a negative index of refraction
G. Shvets
Phys. Rev. B, 67, 035109 (2003)
[Abstract]
Photonic approach to making a material with a negative index of refraction
G. Shvets
Phys. Rev. B, 67, 035109 (2003)Abstract: An approach to producing a composite material with negative refraction index is demonstrated. It is shown that a photonic structure consisting of two dielectric materials, with positive and negative dielectric permittivities, can support electromagnetic surface waves which exhibit the unusual electromagnetic property of left handedness (or negative refraction index). Depending on the dielectric materials, these surface waves localized at the dielectric interfaces can be either surface plasmons or phonons. The detailed geometry of the structure determines whether this composite left-handed materials is isotropic or anisotropic.
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Intensity distribution inside scatterers with negative-real permittivity and permeability
R. Ruppin
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 36, 150 (2003)Abstract: The electric field distribution inside a cylindrical or spherical scatterer with negative-real permittivity and permeability is investigated. For large-size parameters, intensity tends to focus on the main axis at a location shifted from the center towards the front surface.
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Cerenkov radiation in photonic crystals
C. Luo, M. Ibanescu, S. G. Johnson and J. D. Joannopoulos
Science, 299, 368 (2003)Abstract: In a conventional material, the coherent Cerenkov radiation due to a moving charged particle is associated with a velocity threshold, a forward-pointing radiation cone, and a forward direction of emission. We describe different behavior for the Cerenkov radiation in a photonic crystal. In particular, this radiation is intrinsically coupled with transition radiation and is observable without any threshold. Within one particle-velocity range, we found a radiation pattern with a backward-pointing radiation cone. In another velocity range, backward-propagating Cerenkov radiation can be expected. Potential applications include velocity-sensitive particle detection and radiation generation at selectable frequencies.
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Photonic band gap from a stack of positive and negative index materials
J. Li, L. Zhou, C. T. Chan and P. Sheng
Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 083901-1 (2003)Abstract: Layered heterostructures combining ordinary and negative refractive index materials are shown to display a new type of photonic band gap corresponding to zero (volume) averaged refractive index. Distinct from band gaps induced by Bragg scattering, the zero-n gap is invariant upon a change of scale length and is insensitive to disorder that is symmetric in the random variable. A metallic structure that exhibitis such a band gap is explicitly designed, and its properties are calculated with accurate finite difference time domain simulations.
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Universal features of the time evolution of evanescent modes in a left-handed perfect lens
G. Gomez-Santos
Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 077401 (2003)Abstract: The time evolution of evanescent modes in Pendry's perfect lens proposal for ideally lossless and homogeneous, left-handed materials is analyzed. We show that time development of subwavelength resolution exhibits universal features, independent of model details. This is due to the unavoidable near degeneracy of surface electromagnetic modes in the deep subwavelength region. By means of a mechanical analog, it is shown that an intrinsic time scale (missed in stationary studies) has to be associated with any desired lateral resolution. A time-dependent cutoff length emerges, removing the problem of divergences claimed to invalidate Pendry's proposal.
N. Fang and X. Zhang
Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 161 (2003)Abstract: The subwavelength imaging quality of a metamaterial superlens is studied numerically in the wave vector domain. Examples of image compression and magnification are given and resolution limits are discussed. A minimal resolution of [lambda]/6 is obtained using a 36 nm silver film at 364 nm wavelength. Simulation also reveals that the power flux is no longer a good measure to determine the focal plane of superlens due to the elevated field strength at exit side of the metamaterial slab.
S. Foteinopoulou, E. N. Economou, C. M. Soukoulis
Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 107402 (2003)Abstract: We show that an electromagnetic (EM) wave undergoes negative refraction at the interface between a positive and negative refractive index material, the latter being a properly chosen photonic crystal. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations are used to study the time evolution of an EM wave as it hits the interface. The wave is trapped temporarily at the interface, reorganizes, and, after a long time, the wave front moves eventually in the negative direction. This particular example shows how causality and speed of light are not violated in spite of the negative refraction always present in a negative index material.
Experimental verification and simulation of negative index of refraction using Snell's law
C. G. Parazzoli, R. B. Greegor, K. Li, B. E. C. Koltenbah, M. Tanielian
Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 107401 (2003)Abstract: We report the results of a Snell's law experiment on a negative index of refraction material in free space from 12.6 to 13.2 GHz. Numerical simulations using Maxwell's equations solvers show good agreement with the experimental results, confirming the existence of negative index of refraction materials. The index of refraction is a function of frequency. At 12.6 GHz we measure and compute the real part of the index of refraction to be -1.05. The measurements and simulations of the electromagnetic field profiles were performed at distances of 14[lambda] and 28[lambda] from the sample; the fields were also computed at 100[lambda].
P. Markos and C. M. Soukoulis
Optics Letters, 28, 846 (2003)Abstract: We analyze the transmission and reflection of electromagnetic waves calculated from transfer matrix simulations of periodic arrangements of thin metallic wires. The effective permittivity and the absorption of the arrangements of wires are determined. Their dependence on the wire thickness and the conductance of the metallic wires is studied. The cutoff frequency, or effective plasma frequency, is obtained and compared with analytical predictions. It is shown that the periodic arrangement of wires exhibits a frequency region in which the real part of the permittivity is negative while its imaginary part is very small. This behavior is seen for wires with thickness as small as 17 mum with a lattice constant of 3.33 mm.
Backward waves and negative refraction in uniaxial dielectrics with negative dielectric permittivity along the anisotropy axis
P. A. Belov
Micr. Opt. Tech. Letts., 37, 259 (2003)Abstract: Veselago medium (also called double negative material, backward medium, left-handed medium) is a medium with both negative isotropic dielectric permittivity and permeability. It has the effect of backward waves with negative (anomalous) refraction, in contrast to the usual forward waves with normal refraction in normal isotropic dielectrics and/or magnetics. In this paper, examples of the existence of backward waves (with respect to the interface) without negative refraction, and negative refraction without backward waves in uniaxial dielectrics with negative permittivity along the anisotropy axis, are presented. Considering these examples increases the possibility of designing backward wave materials and negative refraction materials without using magnetic media.
Numerical study of a Gaussian beam propagating in media with negative permittivity and permeability by using a bidirectional beam propagation method
J. Lu and S. He
Micr. Opt. Tech. Letts., 37, 292 (2003)Abstract: Gaussian beam propagation in structures containing meta-materials with negative permittivity and negative permeability is numerically studied by using a bidirectional wide-angle finite-difference beam propagation method. Illustrative and quantitative views are given for various anomalous behaviors, such as the negative angle of refraction, beam refocusing, arbitrarily thin distributed Bragg reflector, and negative lateral shift of the reflected beam from a grounded slab, by a Gaussian beam propagating in some meta-material structures.
M. Mohahedi, K. J. Malloy, G. V. Eleftheriades, J. Woodley and R. Y. Chiao
IEEE J. of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 9, 30 (2003)Abstract: Abnormal velocities in passive structures such as one-dimensional (1-D) photonic crystals and a slab having a negative index of refraction are discussed. In the case of 1-D photonic crystal, the frequency- and time-domain experiments for waves tuned to the bandgap of the photonic crystal demonstrate a positive group velocity exceeding the speed of light in vacuum (superluminal). In the case of a medium with negative index of refraction, our theoretical studies show that such a medium can support positive group and negative phase velocities (backward Waves), as well as negative group and negative phase velocities. The meaning of superluminal group velocity and negative group velocity, or equally, positive superluminal group delay and negative group delay, are discussed. It is shown that despite their counterintuitive meaning there are no contradictions with the requirements of relativistic causality (Einstein causality). To clearly demonstrate this, the important subject of the "front" is reintroduced.
Dispersion analysis of a micro-strip-based negative refractive index periodic structure
A. Grbic and G. V. Eleftheriades
IEEE Micr. Wireless Components Letts., 13, 155 (2003)Abstract: We present the complete band structure of a negative refractive, index metamaterial based on the concept of dual transmission lines. The metamaterial is a two-dimensional (2-D) microstrip periodic structure that has cell dimensions much smaller than the wavelength of operation. It can therefore be considered as an effective medium. First, the dispersion characteristics of the metamaterial are explained by way of a 2-D loaded transmission line representation. Subsequently, full-wave analysis is utilized to reveal additional modes that can be excited in the metamaterial.
Enhancing photon tunnelling by a slab of uniaxially anisotropic left-handed material
Z. Liu, L. B. Hu and Z. F. Lin
Phys. Lett. A, 308, 294 (2003)Abstract: We study the unusual enhancement of photon tunnelling by a slab of uniaxially anisotropic negative refractive index material, also known as left-handed material (LHM). It is found that the uniaxially anisotropic LHMs can greatly enhance the photon tunnelling for transverse electric (TE), transverse magnetic (TM), as well as both TM and TE waves when different conditions are satisfied. The phenomenon is believed due to the amplification of evanescent waves by the LHMs. It is expected to find applications in devices that utilize photon tunnelling.
Transmission line models for negative refractive index media and associated implementations without excess resonators
G. V. Eleftheriades, O. Siddiqui and A. K. Iyer
IEEE Micr. Wireless Comp. Lett., 13, 51 (2003)Abstract: Recently, three-dimensional composite periodic media comprising split-ring resonators (SRR) and thin wires have been shown to exhibit a negative refractive index in the frequency range around the SRR resonance. In this letter, we propose transmission line models for studying and interpreting the electromagnetic propagation behavior of such materials. Based on these equivalent transmission line models, we show that by periodically loading a network of transmission fines with series capacitors and shunt inductors, a negative refractive index medium can be synthesized without excess resonators, thus leading to wideband behavior. These proposed media have tailorable properties over a broad frequency range. Moreover, they are completely planar, frequency scalable, more compact, and easier to implement for RF/microwave circuit applications than their SRR/wire counterparts.
Electromagnetic waves focused by a negative-index planar lens
P. F. Loschialpo, D. L. Smith, D. W. Forester, F. J. Rachford and J. Schelleng
Phys. Rev. E, 67, 025602 (2003)Abstract: We demonstrate that negative refraction occurs for both cw and pulsed electromagnetic waves when traversing from a "right-handed" (index > 0) to a "left-handed" (index < 0) material (LHM) which has causal dispersive intrinsic properties. We also demonstrate that a divergent line source spaced a distance H in front of a planar LHM slab and excited by either an impulse cw or a Gaussian frequency pulse is imaged at a distance H away, inside the LHM, and at H to the other side of the slab. The image size is similar tolambda consistent with limitations dictated by wave optics. We find no evidence of evanescent mode amplification. The studies were performed using numerical experiments with finite difference time domain solutions and incorporating a causal Lorentzian form for the frequency-dependent material properties.
Characteristics of bound modes in coupled dielectric waveguides containing negative index media
K. Halterman, J. M. Elson and P. L. Overfelt
Optics Express, 11, 521 (2003)Abstract: We investigate the characteristics of guided wave modes in planar coupled waveguides. In particular, we calculate the dispersion relations for TM modes in which one or both of the guiding layers consists of negative index media (NIM)-where the permittivity and permeability are both negative. We find that the Poynting vector within the NIM waveguide axis can change sign and magnitude, a feature that is reflected in the dispersion curves.
Studies of imaging characteristics for a slab of a lossy left-handed material
L. F. Shen and S. L. He
Phys. Lett. A, 309, 298 (2003)Abstract: We investigate the characteristics of guided wave modes in planar coupled waveguides. In particular, we calculate the dispersion relations for TM modes in which one or both of the guiding layers consists of negative index media (NIM)-where the permittivity and permeability are both negative. We find that the Poynting vector within the NIM waveguide axis can change sign and magnitude, a feature that is reflected in the dispersion curves.
Origin of dissipative losses in negative index of refraction materials
R. B. Greegor, C. G. Parazzoli, K. Li and M. H. Tanielian
Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 2356 (2003)Abstract: Negative index of refraction materials have been postulated for many years but have only recently been realized in practice. In the microwave region these materials are constructed of rings and wires deposited on a dielectric substrate to form a unit cell. We have constructed, experimentally characterized, and simulated several of these structures operating in the 10-16 GHz range. The origin of the dissipative losses has been identified and effective schemes to reduce them devised and implemented. Numerical simulation and experimental verification shows that losses in negative index of refraction materials can be significantly reduced by minimizing the underlying losses of the constituent materials.
Negative refraction without negative index in metallic photonic crystals
C. Y. Luo, S. G. Johnson, J. D. Joannopoulos and J. B. Pendry
Optics Express, 11, 746 (2003)Abstract: It is shown that certain metallic photonic crystals can enable negative refraction and subwavelength imaging without relying on a negative effective index. These metallic structures are very simple in design and appear straightforward for fabrication. Their unusual electromagnetic response should provide an interesting comparison with the metallic left-handed materials.
Plasmon modes and negative refraction in metal nanowire composites
V. A. Podolskiy, A. K. Sarychev and V. M. Shalaev
Optics Express, 11, 735 (2003)Abstract: Optical properties of metal nanowires and nanowire composite materials are studied. An incident electromagnetic wave can effectively couple to the propagating surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes in metal nanowires resulting in very large local fields. The excited SPP modes depend on the structure of nanowires and their orientation with respect to incident radiation. A nanowire percolation composite is shown to have a broadband spectrum of localized plasmon modes. We also show that a composite of nanowires arranged into parallel pairs can act as a left-handed material with the effective magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity both negative in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges.
Cerenkov radiation in materials with negative permittivity and permeability
J. Lu, T. M. Grzegorczyk, Y. Zhang, J. Pacheco, B. I. Wu, J. A. Kong and M. Chen
Optics Express, 11, 723 (2003)Abstract: The mathematical solution for Cerenkov radiation in a novel medium, left-handed medium (LH medium), which has both negative permittivity and permeability, is introduced in this paper. It is shown that the particle motion in the LH medium generates power that propagates backward. In this paper, both dispersion and dissipation are considered for the LH medium. The results show that in such a material, both forward power and backward power exist. In addition, we show that the losses will affect the Cerenkov angle. The idea of building a Cerenkov detector using LH medium is introduced, which could be useful in particle physics to identify charged particles of various velocities.
Experimental and theoretical verification of focusing in a large, periodically loaded transmission line negative refractive index metamaterial
A. K. Iyer, P. C. Kremer and G. V. Eleftheriades
Optics Express, 11, 696 (2003)Abstract: We have previously shown that a new class of Negative Refractive Index (NRI) metamaterials can be constructed by periodically loading a host transmission line medium with inductors and capacitors in a dual (high-pass) configuration. A small planar NRI lens interfaced with a Positive Refractive Index (PRI) parallel-plate waveguide recently succeeded in demonstrating focusing of cylindrical waves. In this paper, we present theoretical and experimental data describing the focusing and dispersion characteristics of a significantly improved device that exhibits minimal edge effects, a larger NRI region permitting precise extraction of dispersion data, and a PRI region consisting of a microstrip grid, over which the fields may be observed. The experimentally obtained dispersion data exhibits excellent agreement with the theory predicted by periodic analysis, and depicts an extremely broadband region from 960MHz to 2.5GHz over which the refractive index remains negative. At the frequency at which the theory predicts a relative refractive index of -1, the measured field distribution shows a focal spot with a maximum beam width under one-half of a guide wavelength. These results are compared with field distributions obtained through mathematical simulations based on the plane-wave expansion technique, and exhibit a qualitative correspondence. The success of this experiment attests to the repeatability of the original experiment and affirms the viability of the transmission line approach to the design of NRI metamaterials.
Experimental determination and numerical simulation of the properties of negative index of refraction materials
R. B. Greegor, C. G. Parazzoli, K. Li, B. E. C. Koltenbah and M. Tanielian
Optics Express, 11, 688 (2003)Abstract: Negative index of refraction materials have been postulated for many years but have only recently been realized in practice. In the microwave region these materials are constructed of rings and wires deposited on a dielectric substrate to form a unit cell. We have constructed, experimentally characterized and simulated several of these structures operating in the 10 - 15 GHz range. Our simulations using Maxwell's Equations solvers have included wire arrays, ring arrays and assemblies of unit cells comprised of rings and wires. We find good agreement between the numerical simulations and experimental measurements of the scattering parameters and index of refraction. The procedure was to first model ring and wire structures on the unit cell level to obtain scattering parameters from which effective epsilon, mu and n were retrieved. Next an assembled array of unit cells forming a 12degrees wedge was used for the Snell's Law determination of the negative index of refraction. For the structure examined the computed value of n is within 20% of the one experimentally measured in the Snell's Law experiment from 13.6 to 14.8 GHz.
N. Fang, Z. W. Liu, T. J. Yen and X. Zhang
Optics Express, 11, 682 (2003)Abstract: We investigated a precursor of superlensing: regenerating evanescent waves by excitation of a surface plasmon. Because the permittivity of a silver slab approaches -1, we experimentally observed a broadening of surface-plasmon bandwidth. Our study identifies a means to access deep subwavelength features by use of a metamaterial superlens.
Pulsed and CW Gaussian beam interactions with double negative metamaterial slabs
R. W. Ziolkowski
Optics Express, 11, 662 (2003)Abstract: The interactions of pulsed and continuous wave (CW) Gaussian beams with double negative (DNG) metatmaterials are considered. Subwavelength focusing of a diverging, normally incident pulsed Gaussian beam with a planar DNG slab is demonstrated. The negative angle of refraction behavior associated with the negative index of refraction exhibited by DNG metamaterials is demonstrated. The transmitted beam resulting from both 3-cycle and CW Gaussian beams that are obliquely incident on a DNG slab are shown to have this property. Gaussian beams that undergo total internal reflection from a DNG metamaterial slab are also shown to experience a negative Goos-Hanchen (lateral) shift. Several potential applications for these effects in the microwave and optical regimes are discussed.
Transmission properties and effective electromagnetic parameters of double negative metamaterials
P. Markos and C. M. Soukoulis
Optics Express, 11, 649 (2003)Abstract: We analyze the transmission properties of double negative metamaterials (DNM). Numerical simulations, based on the transfer matrix algorithm, show that some portion of the electromagnetic wave changes its polarization inside the DNM structure. As the transmission properties depend strongly on the polarization, this complicates the interpretation of experimental and numerical data, both inside and outside of the pass band. From the transmission data, the effective permittivity, permeability and refractive index are calculated. In the pass band, we found that the real part of permeability and both the real and the imaginary part of the permittivity are negative. Transmission data for some new structures are also shown. Of particular interest is the structure with cut wires, which possesses two double negative pass bands.
Strong spatial dispersion in wire media in the very large wavelength limit
P. A. Belov, R. Marques, S. I. Maslovski, I. S. Nefedov, M. Silveirinha, C. R. Simovski and S. A. Tretyakov
Phys. Rev. B, 67, 113103 (2003)Abstract: It is found that there exist composite media that exhibit strong spatial dispersion even in the very large wavelength limit. This follows from the study of lattices of ideally conducting parallel thin wires (wire media). In fact, our analysis reveals that the description of this medium by means of a local dispersive uniaxial dielectric tensor is not complete, leading to unphysical results for the propagation of electromagnetic waves at any frequencies. Since nonlocal constitutive relations have been usually considered in the past as a second-order approximation, meaningful in the short-wavelength limit, the aforementioned result presents a relevant theoretical interest. In addition, since such wire media have been recently used as a constituent of some discrete artificial media (or metamaterials), the reported results open the question of the relevance of the spatial dispersion in the characterization of these artificial media.
Experimental observations of a left-handed material that obeys Snell's law
A. A. Houck, J. B. Brock and I. L. Chuang
Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 137401 (2003)Abstract: We measure two-dimensional profiles of collimated microwave beams transmitted through composite wire and split-ring resonator prisms. Prior experiments suggest these structures have a negative index of refraction, though these claims have been questioned. Our 2D measurements demonstrate that transmission obeys Snell's law with a negative index, confirming the refractive nature of this signal and refuting alternatives posed in the criticisms. In addition, we present preliminary evidence that a flat rectangular slab of this material can focus power from a point source.
Frequency range and explicit expressions for negative permittivity and permeability for an isotropic medium formed by a lattice of perfectly conducting Omega particles
C. R. Simovski and S. L. He
Phys. Lett. A, 311, 254 (2003)Abstract: An analytical model is presented for a rectangular lattice of isotropic scatterers with electric and magnetic resonances. Each isotropic scatterer is formed by putting appropriately 6 Omega-shaped perfectly conducting particles on the faces of a cubic unit cell. A self-consistent dispersion equation is derived and then used to calculate correctly the effective permittivity and permeability in the frequency band where the lattice can be homogenized. The frequency range in which both the effective permittivity and permeability are negative corresponds to the mini-band of backward waves within the resonant band of the individual isotropic scatterer.
Beam shaping by a periodic structure with negative refraction
I. V. Shadrivov, A. A. Sukhorukov and Y. S. Kivshar
Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 3820 (2003)Abstract: We analyze transmission of a layered photonic structure (a one-dimensional photonic crystal) consisting of alternating slabs of two materials with positive and negative refractive index. For the periodic structure with zero averaged refractive index, we demonstrate a number of unique properties of the beam transmission observed in strong beam modification and reshaping.
Guided modes with imaginary, transverse wave number in a slab waveguide with negative permittivity and permeability
B. I. Wu, T. M. Grzegorczyk, Y. Zhang and J. A. Kong
J. Phys. Lett., 93, 9386 (2003)Abstract: The guidance conditions of modes with both real and imaginary transverse wave numbers inside a dielectric slab with negative permittivity and permeability are solved. We show that for real transverse wave numbers, cutoffs exist for all modes, unlike in conventional media where the first even mode. is always propagating. In addition, we also show that guided modes exist for imaginary transverse wave numbers, with the power concentrated at the interfaces instead of having maxima inside the slab. A graphical method of determining the imaginary transverse wave numbers of the guided modes is introduced which clearly identifies the different conditions of propagation depending on the properties of the slab. In particular, propagation of guided waves inside less dense negative media is shown to be possible.
On unusual narrow transmission bands for a multi-layered periodic structure containing left-handed materials
L. Wu, S. L. He and H. Chen
Optics Express, 11, 1283 (2003)Abstract: Unusual narrow transmission bands are found in the Bragg reflective region of a multi-layered structure consisting of alternate right-handed material (RHM) and left-handed material (LHM). These unusual narrow transmission bands may exist no matter whether the optical length of a LHM layer completely cancels that of a RHM layer. However, if they can not cancel each other, it is required that the reflection coefficient for each interface is not too small to permit the existence of the unusual transmission bands. A non-ideal model when the LHM is dispersive and lossy is also employed to confirm the unusual transmission phenomenon.
Removal of absorption and increase in resolution in a near-field lens via optical gain
S. A. Ramakrishna and J. B. Pendry
Phys. Rev. B, 67, 201101 (2003)Abstract: A recent paper [J. B. Pendry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966 (2000)] showed how to construct a superlens that focuses the near-field radiation and, hence, produce an image resolution unlimited by wavelength. The prescription requires lossless materials with a negative refractive index: finite loss cuts off the finer details of the image. In this paper we suggest a compensation for the losses by introducing optical gain media into the lens design. Calculations demonstrate a dramatic improvement in performance for a silver/gain composite medium at optical frequencies.
I. V. Shadrivov, A. A. Sukhorukov and Y. S. Kivshar
Phys. Rev. E, 67, 057602 (2003)Abstract: We study linear guided waves propagating in a slab waveguide made up of a negative-refractive-index material, the so-called left-handed waveguide. We reveal that the guided waves in left-handed waveguides possess a number of peculiar properties such as the absence of the fundamental modes, mode double degeneracy, and sign-varying energy flux. In particular, we predict the guided waves with a dipole-vortex structure of their Poynting vector.
P. Markos and C. M. Soukoulis
Physica Status Solidi A, 197, 595 (2003)Abstract: We review recent progress in the investigation of man made composites which exhibit negative refraction of the electromagnetic waves. Results for both left-handed materials (LHM) and photonic crystals are presented. Experiments on LHM are mostly done in the microwave regime, while on photonic crystals can be performed in the optical or the far-infrared regime.
Imaging properties of uniaxially anisotropic negative refractive index materials
L. B. Hu and Z. F. Lin
Phys. Lett. A, 313, 316 (2003)Abstract: The imaging properties of uniaxially anisotropic negative refractive index materials have been investigated theoretically. Based on an accurate theoretical formulation, we have discussed in detail whether and under what conditions the slabs of uniaxially anisotropic negative refractive index materials will have the power to focus perfectly all Fourier components of an image. It was shown that if the effects of absorption and dispersion can be neglected, under some particular conditions the slabs of uniaxially anisotropic negative refractive index materials will have the power to focus perfectly all E-mode or all H-mode or both E- and H-mode Fourier components of an image. It was also shown that perfect focus cannot occur in the presence of absorption and dispersion, but if the effects of absorption and dispersion are rather small, excellent focus can still occur.
S. A. Ramakrishna, J. B. Pendry, M. C. K. Wiltshire and W. J. Stewart
J. Mod. Opt, 50, 1419 (2003)Abstract: In an earlier paper we introduced the concept of the perfect lens which focuses both near and far electromagnetic fields, hence attaining perfect resolution. Here we consider refinements of the original prescription designed to overcome the limitations of imperfect materials. In particular we show that a multilayer stack of positive- and negative-refractive-index media is less sensitive to imperfections. It has the novel property of behaving like a fibre-optic bundle but one that acts on the near field, and not just the radiative component. The effects of retardation are included and minimized by making the slabs thinner. Absorption then dominates image resolution in the near field. The deleterious effects of absorption in the metal are reduced for thinner layers.
Influence of the dispersive properties of metals on the transmission characteristics of left-handed materials
N. C. Panoiu and R. M. Osgood
Phys. Rev. E, 68, 016611 (2003)Abstract: We study numerically the influence of the frequency dispersion of the dielectric function of metals on the physical properties of negative-refractive-index metamaterials. A numerical analysis is performed using the transfer matrix formalism in conjunction with the finite-difference time-domain method. We analyze the dependence of the transmission and absorption properties of a slab of split-ring-type resonators on the parameters characterizing the frequency dispersion of the metallic dielectric function: plasma frequency and damping frequency. Then, using these transmission and reflection coefficients, we show that the refractive index remains negative near the resonant frequency of the rings, despite the presence of frequency dispersion. We also determine the dependence of the position and width of the band gaps of a slab of such a metamaterial on the material dispersion. Finally, we also discuss the influence of the shape of the split-ring resonators on the transmission and reflection coefficients. The calculations are performed for both two- and three-dimensional structures.
Band structure for a one-dimensional photonic crystal containing left-handed materials
L. Wu, S. L. He and L. F. Shen
Phys. Rev. B, 67, 235103 (2003)Abstract: The explicit dispersion equation for a one-dimensional periodic structure with alternative layers of left-handed material (LHM) and right-handed material (RHM) is given and analyzed. Some unusual phenomena such as spurious modes with complex frequencies, discrete modes and photon tunneling modes are observed in the band structure. The existence of spurious modes with complex frequencies is a common problem in the calculation of the band structure for such a photonic crystal. Discrete modes may exist regardless whether the optical length of the LHM layer cancels the optical length of the RHM layer or not. Physical explanation and significance are given for the discrete modes (with real values of wave number) and photon tunneling propagation modes (with imaginary wave numbers in a limited region).
A. A. Zharov, I. V. Shadrivov and Y. S. Kivshar
Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 037401 (2003)Abstract: We analyze the properties of microstructured materials with negative refraction, the so-called left-handed metamaterials. We consider a two-dimensional periodic structure created by arrays of wires and split-ring resonators embedded into a nonlinear dielectric, and calculate the effective nonlinear electric permittivity and magnetic permeability. We demonstrate that the hysteresis-type dependence of the magnetic permeability on the field intensity allows changing the material properties from left- to right-handed and back. These effects can be treated as the second-order phase transitions in the transmission properties induced by the variation of an external field.
R. W. Ziolkowski and A. D. Kipple
Phys. Rev. E, 68, 026615 Part 2 (2003)Abstract: The causality of waves propagating in a double-negative (DNG) metamaterial (epsilon(r)<0 and mu(r)<0) has been investigated both analytically and numerically. By considering the one-dimensional electromagnetic problem of a pulsed current sheet radiating into a DNG medium, it is shown that causality is maintained in the presence of a negative index of refraction only if the DNG medium is dispersive. A Drude model DNG medium is used in this study. Spectrograms of the wave phenomena in the dispersive DNG medium show that the higher frequency components, which create the leading edge of the electromagnetic signals and see a double positive (DPS) medium (epsilon(r)>0 and mu(r)>0), arrive causally before the negative index effects germinate completely. Comparisons with approximate analytical results demonstrate the presence of the negative index of refraction properties in the continuous wave portion of the signals. This dynamic pulse reshaping between the positive and negative index of refraction wave components causes an apparent delay in the realization of the negative index of refraction properties. Pulse broadening of the signal tails is associated with both dispersion and a larger negative index of refraction seen by the associated wave components.
Numerical investigation of negative refractive index metamaterials at infrared and optical frequencies
N. C. Panoiu and R. M. Osgood
Optics Communications, 223, 331 (2003)Abstract: An analysis of the transmission properties of a slab of metallic split-ring resonators at near infrared and optical frequencies is presented. We focus on the influence of the parameters characterizing the intrinsic frequency dispersion of the metallic rings on the physical properties of recently introduced materials that exhibit a negative refractive index. It is demonstrated that, when a mesh of thin metallic wires is added, at the resonant frequency omega(0) similar to 150 THz the refractive index of the resulting metamaterial is negative within a frequency hand Deltaomega similar to 50 THz. The numerical analysis is performed using the transfer matrix formalism.
R. Ruppin
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 38, 494 (2003)Abstract: Effects of the frequency-dependence of the permeability and permittivity of a left-handed material (LHM), when used as one of the components of a Bragg reflector, are investigated. It is found that typical broad Bragg reflectivity peaks appear in the frequency range in which the material is not left-handed. Inside the LHM range, the Bragg peaks are very narrow and of low intensity.
Is Foster's reactance theorem satisfied in double-negative and single-negative media
N. Engheta
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 39, 11 (2003)Abstract: In this paper, we address the issue of Foster's reactance theorem for the material media in which one or both of the material parameters epsilon and mu may possess negative real parts. We demonstrate that this theorem is indeed satisfied for a one-port termination filled with a lossless metamaterial with negative real permittivity and permeability, known as a double-negative (DNG) medium, or with a lossless metamaterial with either negative real permittivity or negative real permeability , which can be called a single-negative (SNG) medium. However, in the case of DNG media when the reactive input impedance of such a termination is compared with that of its counterpart filled with a conventional lossless double-positive (DPS) material, it is found that the two reactances have opposite signs. Similar conclusions can be made for a termination filled with a lossless epsilon-negative (ENG) material when it is compared with that of its mu-negative (MNG) counterpart. Therefore, if a one-port termination filled with a lossless DPS or ENG material possesses inductive input reactance, when the same termination is filled instead with a lossless DNG or MNG material, its input reactance may be capacitive.
R. W. Ziolkowski and A. D. Kipple
Phys. Rev. E, 68, 26612 Part 2 (2003)Abstract: The existence of passive metamaterials, in which the speed of light is greater than its speed in vacuum, is proposed. Analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate these trans-vacuum-speed (TVS) properties. A transmission line realization of a TVS medium is established. Excellent agreement between the results of the theoretical constructs and the corresponding transmission line models are demonstrated. A practical transmission line TVS metamaterial design is proposed and validated numerically, which could be used to confirm these results experimentally.
Numerical study of wave propagation in uniaxially anisotropic Lorentzian backward-wave slabs
M. K. Karkkainen
Phys. Rev. E, 68, 26602 Part 2 (2003)Abstract: The propagation and refraction of a cylindrical wave created by a line current through a slab of backward-wave medium, also called left-handed medium, is numerically studied with a finite-difference time-domain method. The slab is assumed to be uniaxially anisotropic. Several sets of constitutive parameters are considered and comparisons with theoretical results are made. Electric field distributions are studied inside and behind the slab. It is found that the shape of the wave fronts and the regions of real and complex wave vectors are in agreement with theoretical results.
C. Y. Luo, S. G. Johnson, J. D. Joannopoulos and J. B. Pendry
Phys. Rev. B, 68, 45115 (2003)Abstract: We investigate the transmission of evanescent waves through a slab of photonic crystal and explore the recently suggested possibility of focusing light with subwavelength resolution. The amplification of near-field waves is shown to rely on resonant coupling mechanisms to surface photon bound states, and the negative refractive index is only one way of realizing this effect. It is found that the periodicity of the photonic crystal imposes an upper cutoff to the transverse wave vector of evanescent waves that can be amplified, and thus a photonic-crystal superlens is free of divergences even in the lossless case. A detailed numerical study of the optical image of such a superlens in two dimensions reveals a subtle and very important interplay between propagating waves and evanescent waves on the final image formation. Particular features that arise due to the presence of near-field light are discussed.